有哪些中国历史发现于境外史料而未见于中国史籍？

The exact date of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the program adopted are determined through the study of foreign literature, and there is no original Chinese literature that can be based on.

In 1938, an anti-Japanese base was held to commemorate the 17th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, and the date of the birth of the Communist Party of China needed to be determined. At that time, the representatives who participated in the big meeting in Yan'an were Mao Zedong and Dong Biwu, but they couldn't remember the exact date. They could only recall that it was held in July and finally discussed July 1 as the anniversary of the birth of the party. In the same year, Mao Zedong pointed out in On Protracted War: "July 1 this year is the 17th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China."

Not only did Mao Zedong and Dong Biwu not remember when the first meeting was held, but none of the other representatives who participated in the first meeting remembered the day.

So how is the specific meeting time determined?

In some of the Communist International archives handed over by the Soviet Union in the 1950s, there was an article "First Congress of the Communist Party of China" written in Russian, which was not signed or dated. Judging from the tone of the article that Marin and Nicholski "gave us valuable instructions", it may have been made by the representative of the Communist Party of China, and later translated into Russian, which is a report to the Communist International.

The report reads:

China's communist organization was established in the middle of last year. At first, there were only five people in Shanghai. The leader is Comrade Chen, the editor-in-chief of the very popular New Youth. The organization has gradually expanded its scope of activities, and now has a total of six groups and 53 party members. The congress was scheduled to be held on June 20, but all the delegates from Beijing, Hankou, Guangzhou, Changsha, Jinan and Japan did not arrive in Shanghai until July 23, so the congress opened...

There is also a letter from Smulkis, the International Representative of Red Workers in Chita, published by Soviet scholars, which clearly records: "From July 23 to August 5, the Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai."

Therefore, the exact time of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China should be July 23.

Regarding the program adopted by the Communist Party of China, the original Chinese version has not been found. The first program that we can see now has two foreign versions.

One is the Russian version. There is no definite conclusion as to when this Russian file was translated from Chinese to Russian and by whom was brought to the Communist International. At that time, two representatives of the Communist International, Marin and Nikolski, attended the meeting. It was likely that they reported the situation of the meeting to the Communist International, translated these documents into Russian, preserved them, and handed them over to China in the 1950s.

下面一部分用汉语展开说说～另一个是英文版。

一大代表陈公博于1923年去美国哥伦比亚大学留学，1924年获得硕士学位，硕士论文题目就是【共产主义运动在中国】，在论文附录中出现了【中国共产党第一个纲领】的英文版。这篇论文由美国学者韦慕廷于1960年在哥伦比亚大学图书馆发现。

对照英文版和俄文版，发现内容一致，所以是可靠的。

现在能够看到一大的这些材料，大概应该感谢共产国际的代表尼科尔斯基，这些俄文材料应该都与他有关。

但关于尼科尔斯基，我们一度也知之甚少，在上海的中共一大会址纪念馆里，很长一段时间内只有14位代表的照片，而没有尼科尔斯基的照片。

2007年，俄罗斯远东国立大学的历史学教授阿列克赛，在俄罗斯联邦安全部鄂木斯克州联合档案馆里，终于找到了尼科尔斯基的一张履历表上的照片：

在1987年，苏联远东问题专家卡尔图诺娃博士，辗转于苏联各个档案馆，找到了一些有关尼科尔斯基的记载：