有哪些中國歷史發現於境外史料而未見於中國史籍？

The exact date of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the program adopted are determined through the study of foreign literature, and there is no original Chinese literature that can be based on.

In 1938, an anti-Japanese base was held to commemorate the 17th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, and the date of the birth of the Communist Party of China needed to be determined. At that time, the representatives who participated in the big meeting in Yan'an were Mao Zedong and Dong Biwu, but they couldn't remember the exact date. They could only recall that it was held in July and finally discussed July 1 as the anniversary of the birth of the party. In the same year, Mao Zedong pointed out in On Protracted War: "July 1 this year is the 17th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China."

Not only did Mao Zedong and Dong Biwu not remember when the first meeting was held, but none of the other representatives who participated in the first meeting remembered the day.

So how is the specific meeting time determined?

In some of the Communist International archives handed over by the Soviet Union in the 1950s, there was an article "First Congress of the Communist Party of China" written in Russian, which was not signed or dated. Judging from the tone of the article that Marin and Nicholski "gave us valuable instructions", it may have been made by the representative of the Communist Party of China, and later translated into Russian, which is a report to the Communist International.

The report reads:

China's communist organization was established in the middle of last year. At first, there were only five people in Shanghai. The leader is Comrade Chen, the editor-in-chief of the very popular New Youth. The organization has gradually expanded its scope of activities, and now has a total of six groups and 53 party members. The congress was scheduled to be held on June 20, but all the delegates from Beijing, Hankou, Guangzhou, Changsha, Jinan and Japan did not arrive in Shanghai until July 23, so the congress opened...

There is also a letter from Smulkis, the International Representative of Red Workers in Chita, published by Soviet scholars, which clearly records: "From July 23 to August 5, the Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai."

Therefore, the exact time of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China should be July 23.

Regarding the program adopted by the Communist Party of China, the original Chinese version has not been found. The first program that we can see now has two foreign versions.

One is the Russian version. There is no definite conclusion as to when this Russian file was translated from Chinese to Russian and by whom was brought to the Communist International. At that time, two representatives of the Communist International, Marin and Nikolski, attended the meeting. It was likely that they reported the situation of the meeting to the Communist International, translated these documents into Russian, preserved them, and handed them over to China in the 1950s.

下面一部份用漢語展開說說～另一個是英文版。

一大代表陳公博於1923年去美國哥倫比亞大學留學，1924年獲得碩士學位，碩士論文題目就是【共產主義運動在中國】，在論文附錄中出現了【中國共產黨第一個綱領】的英文版。這篇論文由美國學者韋慕廷於1960年在哥倫比亞大學圖書館發現。

對照英文版和俄文版，發現內容一致，所以是可靠的。

現在能夠看到一大的這些材料，大概應該感謝共產國際的代表尼科爾斯基，這些俄文材料應該都與他有關。

但關於尼科爾斯基，我們一度也知之甚少，在上海的中共一大會址紀念館裏，很長一段時間內只有14位元代表的照片，而沒有尼科爾斯基的照片。

2007年，俄羅斯遠東國立大學的歷史學教授阿列克賽，在俄羅斯聯邦安全部鄂木斯克州聯合檔案館裏，終於找到了尼科爾斯基的一張履歷表上的照片：

在1987年，蘇聯遠東問題專家卡爾圖諾娃博士，輾轉於蘇聯各個檔案館，找到了一些有關尼科爾斯基的記載：