周围神经系统结构

2024-01-03新闻

本文尝试从英、汉对照的方式来学习有关神经方面知识，希望对大家的学习有帮助。

神经系统

构成

神经系统有两个主要部分，中枢神经系统（CNS）和周围神经系统（PNS）。中枢神经系统由大脑和脊髓组成。PNS 由 颅神经和脊神经及分布在颅神经和脊神经里的神经节及分支组成 。它主要由在中枢神经系统和身体之间传递的感觉神经元和运动神经元的轴突组成。自主神经系统（ANS）由位于 CNS 和 PNS 内的神经元组成，它们控制分泌腺、平滑肌和心肌。它被细分为交感神经和副交感神经成分，主要由控制内部环境组成。胃肠道壁中的神经元形成肠神经系统（ENS），能够维持与中枢神经系统无关的局部反射活动。

The nervous system神经系统 has two major divisions, the central nervous system中枢神经系统 (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system周围神经系统 (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain大脑 and spinal cord脊髓. The PNS consists of the cranial and spinal nerves and their peripheral ganglia and ramifications分支. It is composed mainly of the axons of sensory and motor neurones that pass between the CNS and the body. The autonomic nervous system植物神经 (ANS) consists of neurones located within both the CNS and PNS which control secretory glands and smooth and cardiac muscle. It is subdivided into sympathetic交感 and parasympathetic副交感 components and is concerned primarily with control of the internal environment. Neurones in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract form the enteric 肠 nervous system (ENS) and are capable of sustaining local reflex activity that is independent of the CNS.

function

The nervous system is a network of neurons whose main feature is to generate, modulate and transmit information between all the different parts of the human body . This property enables many important functions of the nervous system, such as regulation of vital body functions ( heartbeat , breathing , digestion), sensation and body movements . Ultimately, the nervous system structures preside over everything that makes us human; our consciousness, cognition, behaviour and memories.

周围神经

范围

周围神经系统是指神经从脑和脊髓离开开始到全身（如皮肤、肌肉、腺体）路程都是神经系统范围。内容包括脑、脊神经神经和神经节细胞如脊神经感觉神经节、交感神经节。

内容

神经

nerves神经 are bundles of axons (or nerve fibers) found in the PNS. Within the CNS, the axons form entities are known as tracts传导束.

Nerve Ganglia神经节

A nerve ganglion is a collection of neuronal bodies found in the somatic躯体 and autonomic植物 branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) .

Ganglia can be thought of as synaptic relay stations突触中转站 between neurons. The information enters the ganglia, excites the neuron in the ganglia and then exits. The ganglia can be broadly categorized into two groups, that is, sensory ganglia感觉神经节 (relating to the somatic nervous system (SNS)), and autonomic ganglia植物神经节 (relating to the autonomic nervous system (ANS) ).

脑神经

definition

A set of 12 peripheral nerves emerging from the brain that innervate the structures of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.

function

The function of a cranial nerve is to carry sensory and/or motor information between the body and the brain.

脊神经

定义

Spinal nerves are composed of both motor and sensory fibres , as well as autonomic fibres , and exist as 31 pairs of nerves emerging intermittently from the spinal cord to exit the vertebral canal.

脊神经包括躯体神经、交感和副交感神经，脑神经包括感觉和运动，但只有副交感神经（存在在3、7、9、10脑神经），交感神经节，位于脊柱两侧和前面，副交感节一般在脏器附近或壁内。

功能

Spinal reflexes

A reflex is an involuntary response that occurs at a subconscious level in response to a sensory stimulus. Reflex pathways are composed of afferent neurons relaying sensory information from sensory receptors to the CNS, and efferent neurons conveying the motor stimulus back to the effector muscle or gland. Interneurons are also present between the afferent and efferent neurons, in all but the simplest reflexes.

Stretch reflex

When a muscle is stretched, it responds by contracting. The stretch reflex is one of the most simple reflexes and is known as a monosynaptic reflex arc since there is no interneuron between the efferent and afferent neurons. The afferent and efferent signals are relayed at the level of a single spinal nerve.

Flexor reflex

The flexor reflex is commonly referred to as the withdrawal reflex , and occurs in response to a harmful (noxious) sensory stimulus, such as pain.

机体有哪些神经节？

脊神经躯体感觉神经节在椎管脊髓外

dorsal root ganglion感觉神经节

脊神经节就是感觉神经节，一端通过后根进入脊髓，一端分布在躯体。

Sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves

Trigeminal ( Gasser’s ) ganglion

Geniculate ganglion

Spiral ganglion

Vestibular ganglion

Superior and inferior ganglia of the vagus nerve

Glossopharyngeal ganglia

Autonomic ganglia植物神经节（植物神经包括感觉和运动）

交感神经节分别在脊神经里，脑神经没有交感神经节

交感神经节在在脊柱两侧，由多个神经元构成，其轴突（神经）到达汗腺等，被称为灰交通支。

腹腔神经节、肠系膜上、下神经节（脊神经）

副交感神经节，副交感节一般在脏器附近或壁内

Parasympathetic ganglia related to head and neck

3、7、9、10脑神经有副交感神经节

Parasympathetic ganglia related to the rest of the body

In this category we have two distinct groups:

The ganglia surrounding the bronchial passages 气管(eliciting bronchoconstriction), pancreas 胰腺(stimulating the release of pancreatic enzymes and buffer), and in Meissner’s submucosal and Auerbach’s myenteric plexus along the gastrointestinal tract (stimulating digestion and releasing sphincter muscles). Those ganglia receive innervation from the vagus nerve.

The ganglia that provide parasympathetic innervation to the pelvic viscera 盆腔脏器(the prostate , urinary bladder , penis , seminal vesicles , uterus , vagina , and clitoris). Due to their position close to or within the organs they innervate, those parasympathetic ganglia are known as terminal or intramural ganglia.

挑战一下

脑神经有交感神经和副交感神经吗？

周围神经系统有没有神经细胞？