为什么熬夜熬久了之后，竟然不困，还特别精神？

简单说就是神经系统的正常代偿。在短期熬夜之后，人类大脑中的多巴胺水平会有一定的增加 ^[1] , 而多巴胺转运体则不受影响：

这种机制有助于在临时性(非经常性/规律性的)熬夜情况下保持大脑的兴奋水平，在生物的演化过程中具有重要的意义 ^[2] . 但是，需要注意的是，这种代偿不会抵消掉由于疲劳导致的认知能力和行为能力的下降 ^[1] 。具体表现在与认知/行为相关的视觉注意和工作记忆 都跟这种代偿的强度负相关 ^{[1] [3] [4]} ：

所以，我们在临时性的熬夜之后会觉得更兴奋，在这种感觉下，我们可能会觉得不累，工作效率也没有降低，但是这些感觉都只是「假象」。在这些假象的迷惑之下，我们大脑的理性决策功能和情绪认知功能都会被扰乱 ^{[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]} . 做出明显错误的决策、情绪感知异常、情绪表现异常 在临时性熬夜情况下会变得更加常见，也意味着更大可能的经济损失风险和人际关系风险 ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]} .

这一决策能力降低导致的损失甚至能直接体现在股票投资上，比如股票收益的夏令时效应：夏令时后第一个周一的股票收益要显著低于其他周一的股票收益: ^[15]

参考

1. ^ ^{a b c} Sleep deprivation decreases binding of [11c]raclopride to dopamine d2/d3 receptors in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(34), 8454.
2. ^ Volkow, N. D. , D Tomasi, Wang, G. J. , F Telang, Fowler, J. S. , & Logan, J. , et al. (2012). Evidence that sleep deprivation downregulates dopamine d2r in ventral striatum in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 32(19), 6711.
3. ^ Goel, N. , Rao, H. , Durmer, J. , & Dinges, D. . (2009). Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Seminars in Neurology, 29(04), 320-339.
4. ^ D Tomasi, Volkow, N. D. , Wang, G. J. , Wang, R. , Telang, F. , & EC Caparelli, et al. (2011). Methylphenidate enhances brain activation and deactivation responses to visual attention and working memory tasks in healthy controls. Neuroimage, 54(4), 3101-3110.
5. ^ Pezze, M., A. , Feldon, & J. (2004). Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in fear conditioning. PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY -PERGAMON PRESS-.
6. ^ Yoo, S. S. , Gujar, N. , Hu, P. , Jolesz, F. A. , & Walker, M. P. . (2007). The human brain without sleep—a prefrontal amygdala disconnect. Current Biology, 17(20), R877-8.
7. ^ Goel, N. , Rao, H. , Durmer, J. , & Dinges, D. . (2009). Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Seminars in Neurology, 29(04), 320-339.
8. ^ Walker, M. P. . "The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. " Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1156(2010):168-197.
9. ^ Killgore, W. . (2010). Effects of sleep deprivation on cognition. Progress in Brain Research, 185(1), 105-129.
10. ^ Harrison, Y. , and J. A. Horne . "The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: a review. " J Exp Psychol Appl 6.3(2000):236-249.
11. ^ Fullagar, H. , Skorski, S. , Duffield, R. , Hammes, D. , Coutts, A. J. , & Meyer, T. . (2015). Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Medicine, 45(2), 161-186.
12. ^ Wickens, C. D. , Hutchins, S. D. , Laux, L. , & Sebok, A. . (2015). The impact of sleep disruption on complex cognitive tasks: a meta-analysis. Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 57(6), 930-946.
13. ^ Venkatraman, V. , Huettel, S. , Chuah, L. , Payne, J. W. , & Chee, M. . Sleep deprivation biases the neural mechanisms underlying economic preferences. Social Science Electronic Publishing.
14. ^ Spear, L. P. . (2011). Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(4).
15. ^ Kamstra, M. J. , Kramer, L. A. , & MD Levi. (2010). Effects of daylight-saving time changes on stock market volatility: a comment. Psychological Reports, 107(3), 877-887.